Down Syndrome

A Magazine on the Eruption of Laboratory Clinic of Syndrome of Sudden Death in the Grill fizzles out to Katmandou Valley Nepal
A Magazine on the Eruption of Laboratory Clinic of Syndrome of Sudden Death in the Grill fizzles out to Katmandou Valley Nepal

Kedar Karki; Pragya Koirala

The central Veterinary Laboratory to Katmandou Tripureshwor Nepal

RESUME:

The sudden death of birds of grill of au-dessus of 40 days suddenly was increased in the month of August 2008 to Katmandou valley. The birds that were presented for the retrospective examination in the Laboratory Tripureswor Katmandou Central Veterinary were of ordinary one found dead on their backs with the out stretched wings. The incidence of this condition recorded was between 1.5 to 2.5% of the flock. The average mortality because of the syndrome of sudden death was 1.3 - 9.6% and mortality was maximum after 6 major weeks. Retrospective Necropsies of birds affected by well filled out of Syndrome of Sudden Death with the edema and the general lung congestion. Nourish was present alongside the device liqueur entire and the vesicle biliaire was empty. The liver and the kidneys were lightly blocked and have the hemorrhage of unequal subcapsular. The heart contained coagulated blood in the atriums and the ventricules are most often empties. Microbic and the culture of Mycobial of samples of fabric of liver, the lung, the spleen, Proventriculus revealed in the sample majority the growth of Penicillium and Aspergillus spp of mycašte and E.coli and Staphylocoque spp of bacteria. On to nourish the restriction, the supplementation of glucose contains the edlectrolyte, the toxin file liquidates, Immunomodulaters, acidify and the antibiotic reduced the mortality. The condition seems to be related to quickly the rate of growth. In the extreme positions, nourish the restriction need to be practiced that will eliminate practically the syndrome of sudden death. A practical approach seems to use systems with 5-7% reduction in nutritious density. To give more space and the support treatment with the medicine anti- tension can be advantageous.

Word key:

The sudden syndrome of death, the grill birds, Microbic and the culture of Mycobial, Penicillium and Aspergillus spp of mycašte, nourish the restriction, the glucose contains the edlectrolyte, the toxin file liquidates, Immunomodulaters, acidify,

The bottom of eruption of Syndrome of Sudden Death in Katmandou Valley.

During the first week of there sudden increase August 2008 in the mortality of grills of au-dessus of 6 ages of week. Just before that the death birds appear normal and the it is common to observe that these birds will nourish, will drink or will walk normally. The birds expose signs clinics as to spread their neck, their wing of squawk and beginning beating just like the extension of leg before the return fall on their back and the birds is dead suddenly. Retrospective Necropsies of birds affected by well filled out of Syndrome of Sudden Death with the edema and the general lung congestion. Nourish was present alongside the device liqueur entire and the vesicle biliaire was empty. The liver and the kidneys were lightly blocked and have the hemorrhage of unequal subcapsular. The heart contained coagulated blood in the atriums and the ventricules are most often empties.

Equipment and Methods:

1: The observation Epidedmiologique clinic of affected flocks.

2: The retrospective and Microbic examination and evaluation of Mycobial of samples of fabric.

3: The evaluation of possible treatment and of preventive measure

The epidemiology of Affected flock with the Syndrome of sudden Death in Month of August 2008:

Table: 1

Lasted

firm non.de

The population to the risk

Morbid character

Mortality

non.de samoles

First week

22

16620

4250

369

44

Second week

14

15450

1235

232

28

Third week

20

10260

848

157

40

Fourth week

30

15700

2380

149

60

Total

86

58030

8713

907

172

The conclusion of autopsy of birds of SDS:

The autopsy finding birds that are dead syndrome of sudden death revealed all well filled out birds with the edema and the general lung congestion. Nourish was present alongside the device liqueur entire and the vesicle biliaire was empty. The liver and the kidneys were lightly blocked and have the hemorrhage of unequal subcapsular. The heart with to contain coagulated blood in the atriums and the ventricules were most often empties. The lung of edematous was observed. There was milky liquid in the gland of proventricular and the particles of intact food was present in the gedsier, spleenomegally to the atrophy of spleeno was observed in almost all birds that were examined.

The laboratory Finding Mycobiota and of microphone biote of samples of Retrospective Fabric: A total 86 samples of fabric of lung, the liver, speen, the gedsier of peoventriculus, was collected during the retrospective examination and was exposed for the bacterial and mycological culture in the respective media for the culture and the conclusions of laboratory of identification of which is presented to the under.

Table: 2

The samples number

Bacterial Spp isolated

Fungal Spp.isoled

Positive no

the negative no

86

E. coli, the streptococcus, spp of staphylocoque.

59

27

86

Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida spp

58

28

172

117

55

The treatment and the Preventive measure counseled to rest birds in the flock:

All birds remaining in the flocks were counseled to two limits nourishes it until 8-10% and nourishes to two times daily only. With this it was counseled to complete glucose to contain the edlectrolyte files of toxin liquidates as toxolivum, toxol, kokonil, immunomodulater as immunocare, and and the antibiotics of wide simple range were counseled to furnish in water while the supplementation of complex of B of multivitamin totally was withdrawn.

The literature magazine:

The sudden Syndrome of Death is a disease of failure of sharp heart that affects chickens in the middle of the expansion principally of the males that seems to be in the good condition. The birds begin suddenly to the flap their wings, lose their balance, sometimes to shout, and then falls it on their backs or their sides and dies; of ordinary all in a minute (Satya 1). the Syndrome of Sudden Death kills 0.1% to 3% of grills in European Countries. The investigation of United Kingdom of ascites of grill and the syndrome of sudden death in 1993 (The Well-being of Chicken of Grill 2). Hun. Upandra retrieved that Grills that die syndrome of sudden death does not show any specific abnormalities. The birds of ordinary male, appear healthy and be the weight of body of flock often above the average. Just before that the death birds appear normal and the it is common to observe that these birds will nourish, will drink or will walk normally. The birds expose signs clinics as to spread their neck, their wing of squawk and beginning beating just like the leg extension before the return fall on their back. Therefore some farmers call this condition as these cases of assault of heart. The death arrives in the minutes. The examination of mortem of post does not expose the specific lesion. Therefore it also is considered as a Behavioral Disease. Nevertheless a lot of workers that recorded the behavioral model of birds concluded that there is not model of only behavior can be attributed to this condition.

The pathology of syndrome of sudden death is studied a lot of workers and they found that the birds affected by the syndrome of sudden death always well fill out with the edema and the general lung congestion. Nourish is present alongside the device liqueur entire and the vesicle biliaire is ordinary emptiness. The liver and the kidneys could be lightly blocked and have the hemorrhage of unequal subcapsular. The heart can contain coagulated blood in the atriums and the ventricules are most often empties. The lung of observed edematous in case of SDS was thought to be the factor contributing death but in all this of probabilities is a normal observation in the birds that on their back a long time.

A number of studies were aimed to correspond changes in the fabric mineral, the edlectrolyte and the big content as it relates to the Syndrome of Sudden Death. The sudden Syndrome of Death affected birds showed students of the levels of calcium of liver and iron reduces in the lungs and the kidneys. A small reduction statistiquement significant in the content of potassium and an increase in the content of sodium of fabric of heart also is retrieved in the birds of Syndrome of Sudden Death. Nevertheless one does not know if these changes are causal or the consequence of Syndrome of Sudden Death.

Because the female grills have an a lot of lower incidences of Syndrome of Sudden Death and Leghorns of or the sex shows rarely the condition, a comparative study was done in the birds of male grill using female grills or birds of Leghorn as the check in the study of the parameters of blood. The male birds exposed students uniformly of the levels of glucose of blood, the Blood acid urique and produces milk dehydrogenase as in comparison of the birds of female ones. Also removed edlectrolyte as of study of blood is considered, the birds of Syndrome of Sudden Death had higher levels of potassium of blood. These data put again the question of how to interpret biochemical profiles of birds of Syndrome of Sudden Death, because in most of the examples, the birds were dead a long time before the blood sampling.

The other factors as the texture of system and as the restriction programs were studied with a view to isolate the causal agents in the Syndrome of Sudden Death. It is retrieved that nourishes the restriction can reduce the mortality because of the Syndrome of Sudden Death in the chicks of grill but nourishes the restriction can reduce the weight of body of these birds. It is concluded that the Sudden Syndrome of Death can be prevented while growing of the birds to a slower rate.

Follow a system the protein by seems itself to have the small effect on the Syndrome of Sudden Death. The comparatively small research aimed at the investigation of the role of dietary aminoacids on the incidence of SDS is taken. Bullfighting is considered to be an incidental amino acids for the poultry. While the type of avian is supposed to synthesize sufficient bullfighting, reduces the levels of bullfighting cardiac one were associated with the degradation of fabric of heart in the turkeys. Furazolidone is known to cause the degradation of muscle of heart in the turkeys and this is the reduction accompanied of in the levels of bullfighting one of fabric. The nutrition until 0.2% bullfighting one to the grills had for result a small reduction in the incidence of Syndrome of Sudden Death.

The usage of various sources of energy in the system also was suspected in to affect the event of Syndrome of Sudden Death. The replacement of moisturizes carbon by the fatty one is suspected to be a factor. The event of Syndrome of Sudden Death seems to be increased while nourishing the fatty one of hydrogenated as the oil to the coconut walnut as in bird comparison nourished comparable levels of oil of non saturated sunflower.

Biotin was chosen the most frequently among the vitamins as a possible factor in the Syndrome of Sudden Death. It is suggested that biotin be an important factor in to increase the event of Syndrome of Sudden Death if it is complicated by the incidence of fatty liver and of syndrome of kidney. The Sudden Syndrome of Death seems to be worse when biotin is B of marginal and other Vitamin than is in the excess.

Among a lot of used drugs in the poultry the role of drugs of anticoccidial received maybe more attention than the other drugs. There is some proof of higher mortality of Syndrome of Sudden Death when the drugs of anticoccidial are used. Historically the event of Syndrome of Sudden Death coincides with the introduction of the ionophore anticoccidials. Nevertheless the engagement of ionophores in the Syndrome of Sudden Death is the lesion far of clear and pathological typical one of poisonousness of ionophore was not retrieved in the Syndrome of Sudden Death diagnosed birds.

The it is evident that it has anybody not the treatment or the preventive system for the check of SDS in the grills. The condition is related without any doubts to quickly the rate of growth and as such technical of direction to reduce the first potential one genetic maximum for the growth after the measure the better preventive one. One of the most of the techniques succeed that is used to impede early the rate of growth is a program of lighting of step down. The grills are liable to the day light reduces between 5-18 days of growth. This reduces nourishes efficiently it taken and impedes so early the rate of growth. In the extreme positions, nourish the restriction also can be practiced and this will eliminate practically the Syndrome of Sudden Death. A practical approach is to use systems with 5-7% reduction in nutritious density. To give more space and the support treatment with the medicine anti- tension can be advantageous (HUN. Upandra). The sudden syndrome of death in the grill chickens in the middle of the expansion was recognized as an entity patho-physiologique for four decades, but his pathogenesis always remains unknown. The more recent investigations furnished proof than SDS of link to the cardiac arrhythmia, but the mechanism releasing arrhythmogenesis and factors responsible of the fatal exit poorly are understood. To understand that the event chain takes to the Syndrome of Sudden Death in the grills, the study presents set up itself on the putative mechanisms that release the arrhythmia and the mechanisms that predispose the myocardium to the fatal arrhythmia. The grill sensitivity to the cardiac arrhythmia under the tension conditions was evaluated using a test of simulated tension with the adrenaline. The detailed evaluation of histopathological of the heart of grill was business to identify structural characteristics that can predispose the myocardium to the fatal arrhythmia. The simulated challenge of tension revealed that a lot of grills are extremely susceptible to stress the cardiac induced arrhythmia. In some grills the challenge of tension induced the arrhythmia ventriculaire harsh, and life threatening the nature of this arrhythmia was testified by the Fact that several birds showing the arrhythmic responses the harshest, deadest one suddenly in several days after the tension challenge. The examination of hearts of grills that are dead Syndrome of Sudden Death lesions microscopiques revealed in the cardiomyocytes, and the shed changes in the under endocardial and the system of His purkinje of wall paint (HPS). Stain immunized for Caspase-3 confirmed that the cells of numerous Purkinje in the myocardium ventriculaire left of the chickens of grill that are dead SDS underwent apoptosis. The observed lesions suggest that electric stability of the myocardium compromised. Take together, our conclusions indicate that this tension is a relaxation more probable of cardiac arrhythmia in the grills, while the pathological changes seen in the myocardium and in the HPS in the grills in the middle of the expansion furnishes a very favorable environment for the arrhythmia ventriculaire sustained. If electric stability of the myocardium is compromised, even an occasional arrhythmic event easily can degenerate to the fibrillation ventriculaire disastrous and to the sudden death. We conclude that the combination of tension and the changes in the cardiomyocytes and HPS is the characteristics of condition key in the pathogenesis of SDS (4 ONE AN Olkowski, C Wojnarowicz, Dwarf of S, B Ling, J M Alcorn, B Laarveld). A condition of chickens of grill of unknown cause, probably metabolism. It can be induced by lactic acidosis and about 70% of affected birds is males (5 www.thepoultrysite.com/diseaseinfo/146/sudden-death-syndrome-flipover). The sudden syndrome of death arrives from ordinary in the heavy grills, in the middle of the expansion and healthy looking at. Most of the affected birds are males. The characteristic changes of necropsy are seen in the grills of well filled out with the edema and the lung generalized congestion, recently ingested to nourish in the harvest and the gedsier, stretched the intestine with the content credmeux and empty the vesicle biliaire. The liver and the kidneys lightly are enlarged and the last one has unequal sectors of hemorrhage of subcapsular. The heart contains coagulated blood in the atriums but the ventricules are often empty and the left ventricule supposes in particular that one has overdeveloped the appearance (6 Jesus Christ. Ononiwu, R G. Thomson, H.C. Carlson, and R.J. Julian). A syndrome associated in particular with the grill breeders. The signs clinics - the Mortality spreading of 0.5 to 8% by the week with most of the birds dying to nourish time. No proof of respiratory infection. Begin as to flow of the reaches almost 5% production and be worse almost 20-30% production. It is believed that this is the most probable one to be because of an imbalance mineral associated with the low potassium as the flock comes in civil. The treatment including 3.5Kg/tonne of carbonate of potassium reduced the incidence (7 members.tripod.com/poultryworld/dis_dir.htm).

Result and the Discussion:

All the birds remaining in all affected flocks replied to the direction of the above mentioned treatment and there was marked the improvement master of the birds of grill of today of syndrome.comme so genetically are organized that they are censent to attain the gain of weight of body maximum during the period of plan of 45DAYS there is the usage tendency nourishes additives that also exercises Also they cause the problem as tibial In the grill of weight of heavey was retrieved by a lot of workers in Europe and elesewhere.comme today universally a total of 30-35 grains is contaminated with an or the other mycašte of toxigenic of which the harmful effect on the health of cattle and poultry was informed was it well causes the sudden death coincides also with the conclusion of this observation. Especially during the increases of whish of hot humid seasons stresses to the birds just like there is a favorable environment for the growth of grinds and of mycašte also furnishes the more top risks to the birds for the harmful effect of mycotoxin in grill santed.toujours today if moved away in the direction of mycotoxin and of mycosis only there is the usage practice The wording process in nourishes only moulins.qui Suffice to minimize the effect to fungal contamination during the emmagasinage if the poultry especially grills of age of finisher must protected some need of model of direction to be changed.

Conclusion and recommendation:

All laboratory clinic and epidemiological models observed in this investigation indicate that the grills in the good condition of weight of when body not harvested timely and remains in the poultry shadow for extends the time because of the space congestion improves a tension factor. With this with the increase in humidity and with the hot season favors the growth of grinds and the mycašte in stored nourishes there increased the bird risk to mycosis. Under such circumstance birds are in danger to be affected by mycotoxicosis under such position if a preventive correct measure to prevent the harmful effect of mycotoxin is not under take does not import when an unforeseen syndrome can appear in the poultry establishment. As this was a sudden mortality in the grill was retrieved for the first time finding of this invested need to be examined.

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Reference:

1: Satya February 06: The True Cost of Chicken inexpensive by Joyce www.satyamag.com/feb06/dsilva.html - Retrieved on August 8 2008

2: The Well-being of ciwf.org.uk/publications/.../the_welfare_of_broiler_chickens_2000.pdf of Chicken of Grill - Retrieved on August 8 2008

3: THE SUDDEN SYNDROME OF DEATH: Dr. Hun. Upandra, lecture Master, Department. of Veterinary Medicine Clinic, the Veterinary University, UAS, Bangalore: www.vetcareindia.com/halchal_sudden%20syndrome.htm - 15K ae" Retrieved on August 8 2008

4: Science of Veteran of Res. September 2007 26; : 17904171 (P,S,E,B,D) A study on the pathogenesis of syndrome of sudden death in grill chickens. One AN Olkowski, C Wojnarowicz, Dwarf of S, B Ling, J M Alcorn, B Laarveld: lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:17904171 - 62K. Retrieved on August 8 2008

5: The sudden Syndrome of Death, "Flipover" ThePoultrySite www.thepoultrysite.com/diseaseinfo/146/sudden-death-syndrome-flipover of Guide of Quick Disease- Retrieved on August 8 2008

6: Pathological Etudes of "the Syndrome of Sudden Death" in the Chickens of Grill

Jesus Christ. Ononiwu, R G. Thomson, H.C. Carlson, and R.J. Julian

: www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1789498. - Retrieved on August 8 2008

7: The INDEX OF DISEASE OF POULTRY of un-z: members.tripod.com/poultryworld/dis_dir.htm- Retrieved on August 8 2008

Recognition:

We would like to spread our sincier thanks to the Dr.Dev Raj Adhikari SVO and incharge of Tripureshwor of Central Veterinary Hospital, Katmandou for providining early the indication of problem. Our gratitude goes to the all farmers of grill of Valley of Katmandou to cooperate with this investigation team by out the period of observation. The m.Bal Bahadur Kunwar Srnior Vedtedran.Technicien and M.Bhimsen Adhikari Vedtedran.Technicien of Unity of Microbioly of Central Veterinary Laboratory for their boring work in the laboratory to cultivate and treat of all samples deserve one thank you special. We would like to spread our sincere gratitude to Dr Stretched it beach of Mr. of Esmeraldo, DVSM, MVSt (VPath) the Veterinary Pathologist Laboratories of Animal Health

The Services of Differing diagnosis Department of Industries and Primary Waters, the Dr.Lin of Tasmanie.Et of service of Australian Government, Long Tsang, the Pathologist of Avian and Dr.Hooser, the Head of B of Stephen, the Sect of Toxicology. & Assistant. The director, the animal Disease United States of University of Purdue of Diagnostic Laboratory for their direction continues by E-MAIL for this investigation and his boss of Manandhar of Dr.Poornima of documentation.sans to forget CVL Tripureshwor deserve one thank you special of this team of investigation for his continuous inspiration