Earthquake

Introduction

The earthquakes are the coming from the natural movements of crust of earth, caused by to divert it from the tectonic plates. The earthquakes always accompanied towns and cities and the inevitable threat seen that interromp the normal every life of day. The earthquakes hit at random and claim life and the property. During the years learn us a lot on the earthquakes: we learned where they typically arrive we learned to construct buildings and spare tires of salvage that will withstand earthquakes and we prepare how to predict following earthquakes. Nevertheless, the population growth increased population density in the cities and increased the height of buildings of city. Although the technology of construction and the norm progress, the vulnerability of loss of life and property remains high, of even to the old times. We will suggest in this item a device that can give ourselves not only checks on the time of the earthquakes but can diminish the earthquake magnitude to a such low level these damages to life and the property will be eliminated. The building and prepared such a device will cost the only small fraction of the damages of property of the earthquakes. The usage of this device can assure that lives in an earthquake city inclined is sure, the stable and will continue without the violent interruptions facts at random of earthquakes. The device will increase the property value in this city - this will return quickly the investment to prepare and to construct this device.



The earthquakes arrive when the boulder energy elastic is accumulated and is relaxed

The tectonic movement of plates is the principal cause of earthquakes. The tectonic plates move themselves between 1 to 16 centimeters every year. The movement of the tectonic plates creates big breaks or the defects in the boulder. The pad of crust of earth on or the side of the movements of defect relating to the one the other to crush and enters in collision to the defect. There are several types of defects three of them are showed in the figure 1. In a srike-erreur criticism breaks it is vertical; there is the lateral movement of the pads of boulder but no vertical movement. An example of defect of Strike Error is the Defect of Andreas of San stretching alongside the United States cost towards the west and known to cause big earthquakes in San Francisco and Los Angeles. The Decrease Error defect Normal is a break having tendency in what the boulder pad above the defect slips while descending relating to the other. The defect of Sprout of Decrease Error is also a break having tendency in what the pad above the defect slips climbing.





Calculate 1: Two pads of boulder slipping relating to every other creates defects. In the Strike Error Criticism the two fall of pad of boulder latedralment alongside a vertical break. In the Decrease Error the Normal Defect, a boulder pad slips while descending, on a second pad of boulder, alongside a break having tendency. In a Defect of Sprout of Decrease Error a pad of boulder slips climbing relating to the second pad of boulder.

The tectonic plates move themselves slowly between 1 to 16 centimeters every year. The slowed down and the high friction between the pads of close boulder prevent the continuous movement alongside the defect. When the defects are sunk and the tectonic plates continue to moving the boulders are squeezed or are stretched. The bend of tension of tension of spectacles of figure 2 that first the boulders elastically behave, if as the tectonic plates move themselves, the elastic energy potentielle is accumulated. When the force exercised by the plates in movement overcomes the friction in the defect, the boulders break and the defect errors. The elastic energy stored boulder is suddenly and violently relaxed in the form of an an earthquake. After one this of earthquake is possible to detect the crust movement close to the defect - this shows the elastic energy relacchement accumulated before the earthquake. Of ordinary the zone of defect will jump the method in plastic and will continue directly elastic accumulation to break. Calculate 3 bends the tension close to the defect with the respect to time. Tension continually increases until it suddenly is relaxed in an earthquake that eliminates tension; this process himself repeats in the cycles to produce a saw teeth model.





Calculate 2: The bends of tension tension of boulders show the three forms of deformation of boulder - elastic, the plastic and the rupture. Tension applied by the movement of the tectonic plates first will be accumulated by the elastic energy. After jumping the yield indicates the boulders will distort in plastic or will break suddenly and will relax their energy in the form of an an earthquake.





Calculate 3: The tension against stopwatch bends it boulders close to a defect. The boulder accumulates elastic energy and the suddenly ruptures to create the earthquake. The bend shows that there is a periodic cycle that himself repeats to construct tension and the intermission to create earthquakes. In a certain region there will be a delay between the big earthquakes. The longest tension is given to accumulate the more fort will do the earthquake is.



The accumulation preventing from elastic energy in shocking the ground

The earthquakes intervene in a sequence. First there is the foreshocks that precedes the principal shock; then the principal shock that is the shock with the highest magnitude in the sequence and then the secondary tremors that can continue a long time after the principal shocks. We can mention the strong secondary tremors of the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake that continued for at least a year. The secondary tremors as asserted in the law of Omori are of ordinary smaller then the principal earthquake nevertheless there is sometimes strong foreshocks that precedes the principal shock. Therefore, we cannot conclude that in an earthquake sequence, a big earthquake always is followed by a smaller earthquake, because there is also the case of a small earthquake followed by a bigger earthquake. The suggested device in this item can induce therefore an earthquake with the bigger magnitude then the magnitude of the shock produces by the device himself.



The Fact that the earthquakes entered the sequence suggests that an earthquake induces another earthquake. The defect that are locked or is sunk in a place could be relaxed by the close earthquake. The shocks of the close earthquake diminish the friction in the defect and relax the elastic energy to create the new earthquake.

If the shocks of an earthquake can create again earthquakes then, artificial or man did the shocks can induce also the earthquake. The suggested operation of device is based on this concept. The device will shock the ground by a weight in decrease to induce the new earthquake and relaxs the accumulation of tension and the elastic energy.

The research produced an empirical relation between the earthquake frequencies to the earthquake magnitude. If the earthquake frequency in the increases of region of defect, the earthquake magnitude diminishes. There is less than accumulation of tension and of elastic energy to produce the big earthquake. The relation between the frequency and the magnitude first was described by Gutenberg and Richter (1965) that diverted empirical relation of the form:



Where M is the shock magnitude.

N is the shock frequency with the bigger magnitude then Mr.

One and b is of the constant seismic one specific to the region.

The frequency that the suggested device should be activated, to limit the magnitude of future earthquakes to the sure levels, can be obtained while extracting the frequency of the relation of Gutenberg and Richter.





The data that get ready of a lot of big earthquakes around the word spectacles that the equation of Gutenberg and Richter tends to saturate to the big magnitudes. Calculate 4 bends the relation of magnitude of frequency (Chinnery and the North, 1971) of big earthquakes around the world.



Calculate 4: The cumulative bend of big earthquakes around the world granting the equation of Gutenberg and Richter. The bend tends to saturate to the big magnitudes. Of the this of bend is clear that that increases the earthquake frequency will diminish the earthquake magnitude. The suggested device just fact that while inducing earthquakes to increase the frequency.

According to the equation of Gutenberg and Richter, increasing artificially the frequency can diminish the earthquake magnitude, and protects from this manner of lives and the property. For example, to diminish a 8 in Richter the earthquake to the ladder to a 6 in Richter the earthquake to the ladder, the frequency must be increased by 100. If said it 8 in Richter the earthquake to the ladder is foreseen every 100 years, working then this device to induce the earthquake every year, will limit the earthquakes to only 6 in Richter advance. The operation of this device two times or four times per year can diminish more the magnitude of foreseen earthquake.

Induce the earthquakes by the shocks can give as two advantages: first, we can check the earthquake time to evacuate or warn the close population; second, we can prevent the big accumulation of elastic energy and let us limit the magnitude. The accumulation of elastic energy can take decades - trying if to induce earthquakes, for example, every year can prevent this accumulation. This will convert in fact a high earthquake of magnitude to a lot of smaller earthquakes. In the figure 5 there is a tension against the time bend showing the decrease in the tension accumulation (relating to the figure 3) and the increase in the number of small earthquakes, while using shocks to diminish the risk of damages of the earthquakes.





Calculate 5: In the relation to calculate 3, increasing the earthquake frequency will limit the accumulation of tension and the accumulation of elastic energy. This will diminish the magnitude of the earthquake and will eliminate the risk to lives and the property.

There are two simple methods to produce these shocks, the one is to use explosive and the second is to raise the big mass and it allows of liberate falls it on a surface hardened flat. The explosive ones of usage are a very inefficient one because the explosion length can take by far second, therefore the explosion energy will be dispersed as much of but small in the waves of shock of magnitude to the ground. Also the explosion cannot be directed towards the defect and his energy will be dispersed in all directions. The second method to raise the heavy mass is preferred. The heavy mass could be a full steering wheel of can with heavy equipment as the advance, to weigh almost 10000 tons. It could be raised to a steering wheel the tower, to a height of for example, 50 meters. The mechanism raising could be a system of similar pulley to these used one in the big cranes. When the will in can steel fell to a flat surface in steel, the impact time will be if short that a strong p-vague will be created. The p-vague also will be directed descending towards the defect.

The device operation graphic is painted in the Figure 6. In the face 6A there is a first view of a segment of Defect of Strike Error. This defect tested the earthquake recently therefore, there is not accumulation of elastic energy, and we indicate it by the perpendicular one of upright lines to the defect. In the face 6B the tectonic plates and the boulder block, on the two camps of the defect, moved relating to every other. This accumulates elastic energy in the boulder - the accumulation of the elastic energy is indicated by the bent lines on the two camps of the defect. In the face 6C the artificial shock is applied to the position of the red circle. The secondary tremors follow the artificial shock and there is a movement of the pads of boulder to the two camps of the defect. The movement eliminates the elastic energy in the defect and returns the defect to his state offloaded figures 6A.





Calculate 6: The effect of the operation of device on the Defect. In 6A there is not accumulation of tension or the elastic energy in the boulders. After the movement of the pads of boulder there is the tension accumulation in the boulders 6B. The device operation on 6C relaxs the tension accumulation, returning the boulder pads to their unloaded condition to 6A.

This method to prevent the earthquake resembles the methods of obstacle of avalanche of snow. To diminish the risk of avalanche of snow on the mountain slopes near station of skiing or while descending the cities, the explosive ones are used to release small avalanches. The small avalanches remove the snow of the mountain and prevent the massive accumulation of snow on the mountain. This manner a big and destructive avalanche is converted to a lot of inoffensive small avalanches.



The detailed description of the organization of device of shock



The device operation basic is to raise a truck to a height of several tens of meters and quickly to relax it. The truck will liberate the fall to the ground, where it will hit a surface hardened flat. Collision impact between the weight in decrease and the ground will produce a wave of shock or a p-vague that will propagate descending to the defect in under. The device is understood of several demanded components to his operation: The truck, a mechanism raising that contains the pulley system driven by an electric motor, a mechanism relaxing that renders capable to relax quickly the weight of the pulley to begin his free fall, and a steel dominates rather strong to carry and raise the weight.

The figure 7 comb the general structure of the device including the tower in steel, the weight, the pulley, the mechanism relaxing and the flat surface.

The weight is constructed of a can in steel. The can walls are assembled metals of fastened leaves or soldered together. The can interior is filled with the high density takes to creates a significantly heavy can but with small in the dimensions. To withstand the shocks of the free fall that the can can be filled with the small hollow pads of steel that are filled with the advance. Such pads can have sizes of 30x30x30 centimeters, where the wall in pad steel will be 2 thick cm and the remainder filled with the advance. The general weight demanded can is 10000 tons if while using density in advance 11.34 g/cm3 can find us the can volume. Therefore if a cubic meter in advance weighs 11340 kg a can 10x10x10 meters did steel and first will weigh almost 10000 tons.





Calculate 7: The device includes a tower in steel to carry and raise a can in heavy steel. The device includes a mechanism raising based on the pulleys. A motor will turn a cylinder that will pull the pulley cable. A mechanism relaxing will disconnect the can in pulley steel after the can in steel completely is raised. The can in steel will liberate the fall to the flat surface in steel to produce a strong shock.

The flat surface, that will support the steel can in decrease, is done several put to bed rays of steel of I FORM. The put to bed ray should be palmate so every layer of rays will be perpendicular to the au-dessus of or to the under of the put to bed rays. The sector of contact of the can in steel to the flat surface needs to be very precise if there is a perfect game between the can bottom in steel and the flat surface. If there will be not good game between the can in steel and the flat surface, can impact in steel and the flat surface will produce smaller waves of shock. The impact energy will be dispersed to a lot of waves of small and left shocks of the energy will be absorbed in to distort the components in steel of the can and the flat surface. To raise it and relax mechanisms that carry the can need in steel to be gauged for that the can bottom in steel will be perfectly parallel to the flat surface. This can be accomplished while placing weight on the superior corners of the can in steel.

The flat surface needs to be perforated for the gone out of air. The can bottom in steel will be of 10x10 meters so when the can will liberate the fall, the air will be taken to the trap between the can in steel and the flat surface. If there is not of go out of air the air will absorb and will eliminate impact.

The Fact that the device will test heavy shocks limit the concrete usage. The concrete will be cracked and will be broken under these conditions and will not furnish structural support. Nevertheless, if the device is constructed on the ground, the concrete could be used to solidify the soft ground to the under device for more better to propagate the wave of shock towards the foundation to the under.

The mechanism raising is understood pulleys and cable the system drives by an electric motor. The electric motor will turn a cylinder. The cylinder will pull a cable that will tighten the pulley to raise the can in steel. The similar mechanism could be found in the big cranes - certain of them students to 4000 tons.

The mechanism relaxing is showed in the figure 8 in which ones 8A is seen it lateral and 8B is the first view. The mechanism is understood of internal and exterior parties. The internal party has teeth projecting to the exterior one while the exterior party has teeth projecting to the interior. The internal and exterior teeth correspond to the diameter and together can be engaged. When the internal and exterior teeth are aligned alongside the same line, the internal and exterior parties are locked, and can carry the can weight in steel. When the internal and exterior teeth are misaligned the error of internal party in the exterior party, to lock it is released, and the can in steel is relaxed. In the face 8B the teeth are showed misaligned if the internal party can slip freely out. To change tooth line - and of this manner to relax the can in steel, a mechanism of pneumatic positionnement is used according to the face 8B. The change between the states closed to key and open of the mechanism of relacchement demands some angular movement. The liberty for the angular movement could be furnished by a gond or carrying between the can in steel and the mechanism of relacchement, or by a heavy chain understood of few buckles as indicated on the figure 7.



Calculate 8: The mechanism relaxing is understood of internal and exterior parties with to engage teeth. When the teeth are aligned the mechanism is locked. When the teeth are misaligned as in 8A it there is not to lock and the can in steel is relaxed. A mechanism of pneumatic positionnement can release the teeth while turning the internal party relating to the exterior party.

A barrier containing the acoustic barrier could surround the device to minimize the extreme noise created when the can in steel hits the ground.

In the figure 9 there is an alternate conception of the device. This conception lacks the tower in steel and will not affect the landscape. This conception is based on a big lever in steel that is connected to the ground by the gond to an end, and carries the can in steel to the fine other. The lever student of his horizontal position to a perpendicular position, in which the can height in steel is equals to the lever length in steel. As with the tower conceives a pulley system is used for student the lever. When the lever is relaxed the backs of fall of can in steel to the ground returning the return lever to his horizontal position.



Calculate 9: An alternate conception of the device in which the can in steel is raised by a lever in steel. To a lever end in steel that the can in steel is connected, and on the contrary finishes a gond connects the lever to the ground. The can in steel is raised drawing from it the lever of a horizontal position to a vertical position. The can in steel then is relaxed, return the lever to his horizontal position, and shock the ground.



The conclusion the just location to install the device



To prepare this device that it first must be activated in a not sector populated. The when worked device needs to produce the small movement of pads of boulder close to the defect. This movement can mean that the device induced an earthquake that relaxed the elastic energy while causing the error alongside the defect. We have also need to find the evaluation more specifies height of turn and the pad in steel weighs. This can be done while falling the pad in steel of the lower heights to see if a smaller shock can induce an earthquake. The energy potentielle gravitational of the can in steel depends on the height of the tower in steel and the can mass in steel according to the relation u = mgh where u is the energy potentielle, m is the can mass in steel, g is the constant gravitational one 9.81 and o'clock is the can height in steel above the flat surface. To change the energy potentielle of the can in steel can change us his weight or we can change the tower height in steel.

The device near should be installed of a city that near is constructed to a defect. The general rule in to find the device location is to draw an imaginary line between the city and the defect, where the line is perpendicular to the defect. The device should be localized on this line close to the defect. In the face 10A there is a defect of strike error in which the device is localized very close to the defect and to the same pad of boulder of the city. In a normal defect or of sprout 10B the device should be above placed foreseen home of the earthquake. The foreseen home should be estimated based on the historic data of earthquakes that hits before near this defect.





Calculate 10: The device near should be localized defect on a perpendicular one of line to the defect. For a Defect of strike error 10A the device should be the place the more as possible to the defect. For a Normal Defect or of Sprout 10B the device should be placed lightly far defect above the foreseen home of the earthquakes.

Another approaches in to find the device location is to analyze historic earthquakes in the region and place the device close to the home of big earthquakes that arrived recently in the sector.

The device should be placed on the solid ground preferably on the put to bed boulder and not on the soft ground. The soft ground will absorb the wave and will not propagate it properly to the defect. The device will not work if placed on the soft ground.

If for example, we want to find the device location to protect San Francisco of the earthquakes. The device should be placed on the Defect of Andreas of San close to the 1838 homes of earthquake. A second device could be placed to the north to San Francisco, on the Defect of Andreas of San close to the beach of Stinson. This will be moved away to the under of the 1906 homes of earthquake of San Francisco.

In San Francisco that the device cannot be localized on a perpendicular one of line to the defect because this will be in sea water.





References:



Chinnery MY and north RJ (1975) The frequency of very big earthquakes. The science 190: 1197–8.

Gutenberg B and Richter CF (1965) the Seismicity of the Earth. Hafner, New York.

D. Dowrick. 2003, Reduction of Risk of Earthquake.

The Portals of has., D. Ritchie. 2007, the Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and third Volcanoes ed.